pakej

history of Cable tv Networking

History of CATV
The history of community Antenna Television is very interesting. Johan Walson was the man who introduces the CATV first time in 1948. Walson have a sale store of TV sets in Mahanoy city, Pennsylvania where he sale the TV sets. This is a hilly area where reception of TV signals was poor. So he was facing a lot of problem regarding the sale of TV set. One day he installs an antenna on a mountain near the city and lays a coaxial cable from antenna to his shop.
Now he got good picture on his TV set. That day, in June 1948 was first CATV setup displayed on the shop of Johan Walson. He also laid a cable from shop to the home of his costumer to satisfy about reception of TV set. To provide good quality reception of TV signal to his costumer he added an amplifier in cable and charged 100$ for installation and 2$ per month. 
History of Cable TV in Pakistan
The Cable TV CATV introduced in Karachi in early 90’s. This was a small scale network in basement of a building, providing only 3 to 5 channels including PTV. In 1990 many broadcast channels started Satellite transmission which made the cable TV more attractive for the viewers. With the passage of time cable TV spreads too many cities, but all these cable operators were not registered by the government of Pakistan.
The private broadcasting era starts in 1990 when Network Television Marketing (NTM) starts its transmission and former name of its channel was Shalimar Television Network (STN). It was a joint project of government and private sector, in which government holds 45% share. Pakistan Electronics Media Regularity Authority (PEMRA) came into being in 2002, and resulting the revolutionary change in broadcast domain of the country.
Cable TV Network there are two types of CATV networks are providing services in Pakistan. One is analog CATV network and other is Digital CATV network. Both are discussed below.
1. Analog CATV network
In this network operators obtain the channels from different sources like satellite TV, terrestrial TV and from CD/DVD VCR player in form of AV signal and feed these signals to the modulators. Modulator provides RF modulated signal at its output. The RF output of all modulators is combined in RF mixer and provide to an amplifier which transmit this signal on a coaxial cable.
This is a very simple type of network. This network can expend within a limited area. If the expansion of network is increased the quality will be low and cost will be increase. The main problem of this network is maintenance of quality.

Modern Technology
2. Digital CATV
In digital CATV network all setup is same like in analog CATV setup. The operator collects programs from different sources like Satellite Channels live local TV channels, or CD/DVD player. They achieve the signals through Digital satellite Receiver or cameras or CD/DVD player in Audio Video form.
This AV signal is then provided to the MPEG-Encoders which convert these signals in MPEG-2 format; these encoders are also called MPEG encoders. All encoder’s outputs are combined in a MUX, this multiplexer single output is provided to Modulator and then one amplifier/converter is used to transmit this signal on optical fiber. All these encoders Multiplexer and Modulators are controlled and monitored through a NMS (Network Management System).
At user end a set top box is used to convert this signal in RF form to view the signal on television set. This set top box has some important functions like online recording video games and request for VOD.

3. DTH Network
The DTH service provider collects the TV programs from different sources for example: satellite news, entertainment and sport channels or terrestrial channels, combine these channels to make a package and transmits this channel package to their user via satellite link. This transmission is digital and encrypted so user receives superb video result. This is a conditional access transmission. There is another option for user and that is video on demand. The main difference in this setup is Program monitoring system. This is system where contents of programs, coming from different sources are checked according to policy of that organization. The service provider takes the satellite transponder on lease for different type of packages. The NMS is used for monitoring, network controlling, encryption and link management purpose. At user end a small dish antenna and set top box is used to receive the signal. This set top box has some important functions like online recording video games and request for VOD.
Advantages of DTH over CATV
• The core advantage of the DTH is that you will pay only for those channels which you have subscribed; it is not like CATV that you are getting bulk of unwanted channels.
• The second advantage of DTH is picture and audio quality of a channel,
• DTH provides program recording options for subscriber.
DTH is not much expensive as compared to CATV because it costs according to the number of channels subscribe by the user.
• For live matches DTH provides selectivity option to view matches from different camera angle.
• Coverage on remote areas where wired transmission is not possible
• Main and big advantage of DTH-TV entertainment is for whole family. All the programs which are for viewers, fully censured
II. DTH in Asian Countries
In India there are 110 million TV viewer in which 68 million has the facility of cable and satellite systems. The penetration of DTH subscriber is 5% of total cable and satellite user. In 2010 the DTH subscriber was 10 million. According to a research report of Barat Book, “India DTH market forecast of 2012” the numbers of DTH subscriber is forecasted to grow at a CAGR around 29% during 2009 to 2012. Same as in other Asian countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippine is also big markets of DTH-TV.
Cable TV in Gilgit
The Cable Television Network was introduced in Gilgit in early 2000’s. This was a small scale network in basement of a building, providing only 10 to 15 channels including PTV.  Firstly in this region cable TV transmission were transmitted through Analogue system. With the passage of time cable TV spreads too many villages of Gilgit, but all these cable operators were not registered by the government of Pakistan. Now many cable operators are trying to convert their networks on digital system.

The end

Unintentional gender discrimination

Unintentional gender discrimination

unintentional gender discrimination towards female in Gilgit-Baltistan; sometime the discrimination occurred but people don’t know that they discriminate female. Gilgit-Baltistan is situated extreme north of Pakistan and is mountainous area. The people of the area are hard workers and live a simple life.

Education sector:

 They unintentionally discriminate female mostly in education sector. They preferred theirs sons instead of daughters eg; they send their sons in well-known institutes in their respective areas but, their daughter got their education from government schools.  In the village, generally the parents deal with their male and female child separately regarding their education. The sons are preferred over the daughters because they are supposed to be the helping hand for the parents. Parents tend to think that whatever they spent on sons is an investment where as spending over daughters is a waste, because they are considered as liabilities, as there is a concept of not being dependent on daughter. Being a patriarchal community, the decision making power is held by the male members of the family.

In majority of the houses the males are the heads of the households. Fathers, brothers, uncles or the husbands have authority to make decisions regarding their females’ education, where to study and how much to study. Normally the male decision makers stop the females of their families from education earlier because they are more conscious about the “purdah” and the concept of “izzat”, which is linked with the females. If a female have to make the decision regarding education of the girls, she may not stop them as early as the males do.

Honour killing:

The another main example of gender discrimination in GB is honour killing. Some girls got court married against the wishes of their parents/family members but, unfortunately most of them are killed in the name of honour.  The culprits of such incidents are not given exemplary punishment which encouraged people for further attempts.

There is forced marriage custom in GB. Females across Gilgit-Baltistan got married according to the wishes of their parents. Nobody can’t ask about her wishes that what she want.  They thought that they are their parents and they made decision for well being of their children.

Inheritance:

The women in GB are being deprived of their inheritance. Parents preferred their sons in the property of their forefathers hoping that the son would support him in their old age. They also thought that sister is depending on her brother.  Although according to Islamic Law, the women and girls are entitled to inherit the land and property, in which they get half of the male's share and the Pakistan's secular or judicial law also advocates women's share in the property, but the traditional practice established in the village deny them from their legal share in land according to which women are supposed to hand over their share of land in favor of their brothers. The common perception is that the girl is given her share of property in the form of dowry, and if the girl is given her share of land, then she'll take it to her husband's family and the family's property will go out of the hands of the actual owners. Many people think that a woman should be offered her share in the property, but she should not take it, because if she would not take her part in the land then her brothers and parents will take care of her throughout her life. In case of any disaster or catastrophe like the husband's death or maladjustment with the husband or in-laws resulting in separation or divorce, she has to go to her parents and brothers, who support her throughout her life. The girls are groomed and brought up in such a way that they stay victims of inferiority complex in comparison with the males around them, throughout their lives. They are made to feel that they are unwanted; as whenever a girl is born, nobody celebrates her birth, whereas when a boy is born, it means great joy and celebration.

Jobs/ Work:

There is discrimination of women in jobs. The women are limited to their household work. They can’t allow to do job out of their house. Most of girls are not allowed to do the job with male. Parents/ husbands still feel that teaching/nursing/ and medical are the safer professions meant for girls. There exist stigmas against women who are working in offices. Male as well as female look down on them. It is the result of our male dominated society which does not want to accept women working equal to them. They don‘t feel that their daughters or wives are safe while working in offices.   

The females are kept economically dependent on males because they work to contribute to the family's income. This aspect is also linked with education and awareness in the sense that majority of girls are kept inside the house, their access to the outside world is limited (they can only watch television or radio) and so they cannot contact directly with the markets in the urban areas.

There are no. of evidences that women after marriage leave the job if their husbands don‘t allow them. If not at that time than when they start having children they have to be at home if somebody is not there to take care of children. So leave the job seems easy solution. Or even if they continue, it becomes quite stressful for them. Male bosses find them easy target for any lapses and husbands also criticize them at home. This situation makes them to lose interest in jobs.

Mobility:

Girl’s mobility is restricted and she is confined in the private domain i.e. the house, while her brothers are given free access to the outside world so that they can acquire skills of their choice. She is made to depend on her parents, brothers or elder relatives for the fulfillment of her requirements like clothes etc. Many girls want to go to down country for further education and acquiring professional training, but cannot do so because of the restrictions on mobility.

The man is dominant at home and he does what he. He is decision maker at home. But, on the other hand, his wife is follower of his orders. She can’t do anything without permission of her husband.

Although they can study further privately, but that too is not allowed by most of the male members of the Family. Although the mobility of girls, especially the adolescents, is restricted, even then it was observed that they participate in the ceremonies like marriages and engagements. When and if they have to go out, like on marriages or to school, they are not permitted to go out alone and must be accompanied by someone and that too in complete “purdah”. The girls at this stage though don't go very often to meet friends, relatives and neighbors, but women and young children keep on coming to their house. In this way contact of girls with the rest of the society is maintained indirectly. The fear of outside world and sabotage of their "izzat" (honour) is infused in their minds. Therefore first of all they do not dare to go out alone, and those who break these rules; the male members of their family may give them even a physical assault

My CV

	ZaHeEr AbBaS
	H#12 street#1  Amphere Gilgit 03112760004 zaheer.ctv@gmail.com

Objectives To utilize my abilities to uplift the profit of company and improve my experience in healthy working environment. Education MS in Media Sciences Karakorum International university GB Pakistan 2014-2016 High school Amphere Gilgit 2011 Intermediate in Arts experience Shaheen TV and Production House Gilgit producer 2005-uptill Shaheen Production House Gilgit Founder 2008 GB TV media partner 2014 to 2015 softwere skills £  MS Office £  Video Editing £  Blogs Writing £  Audio editing personal skills £  Good communication £  Hard working Further CV will be upgraded as demand.

Danyore area

Danyore  is a village in the namesake Tehsil in the district Gilgit lies across the river Gilgit in the outskirts of the regional Capital of Gilgit-Baltistan. Danyor is famous for its lush green fields, and poplar trees. The world's highest paved road KKH passes through the beautiful landscape of the village .the important places in Danyore are The Shrine of Shah Sultan Alif above the Danyore tunnel,^[2] the Chinese Graveyard near the Karakoram Highway and the rock inscriptions in the Chikas locality are the widely visited tourist attractions. 
The Danyor Suspension Bridge, which was constructed over a half century ago, is quite a wonder; it connects the KIU Campus to the village. The Danyor end of the bridge enters a tunnel constructed by locals without any proper civil engineering equipments some 5 decades ago one of the important and historical things in danyore is Danyore Suspension Bridge.

The Danyore Suspension Bridge is in Gilgit-Baltistan and is one of the oldest make shift suspension bridges in the region. The bridge connects Danyor to the premises of the Karakoram University across the River Hunza. Currently the bridge is closed for vehicles and only pedestrians are allowed to pass through. There has been constructed a two way concrete bridge beside it, that is being used as an alternative which was completed in 2013.
Before the construction of the suspension bridge of Danyor there used to be a boat which is locally called Jaalo (a traditional raft for the passage crossing rivers and lakes) was used to cross the Hunza River. The bridge was constructed in mid-sixties. The Danyore side of the bridge is connected to a tunnel that was dug by the then residents of Danyore without any engineering tools and equipments almost a decade later.